Season 5 continues to explore the past of XF with another flashback episode after 5X01: Unusual Suspects, this one written by Spotnitz & Shiban. After failing to get Darren McGavin to play Mulder's father, Carter casts the actor who inspired him with the title role in "Kolchak" (1972-1975) as Arthur Dales, a former FBI agent who first points Fox Mulder to the X-Files back in 1990. And at that time, Mulder smokes and wears a wedding ring! These little touches added by Duchovny came as a shock when the episode aired; this could be explained ex post facto with Mulder's probable engagement to Diana Fowley at that time (see 5X20: The End), but he hadn't met the chain-smoking Cancer Man yet.

In a flashback-within-a-flashback, we are brought back to 1952. The whole episode bathes in a Cold War paranoid atmosphere genuine to the retro vision we have of the '50s, with the propagandistic newsreels, the news footage of McCarthy and Hoover, the all-American 'nuclear' family, the nuclear bunker/shelter in the back yard, the film noir trenchcoats and hats, the communist spies or fugitives hiding underground... an atmosphere recreated in Steven Soderbergh's excellent black & white "The Good German" (2006). The experiment seen in this episode won't be seen again, and are very much out of place with the rest of the mythology. These experiments involving parasite alien-like creatures turning something human into something inhuman, are a clear variation on the "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" (1956) theme: such fears of overnight change-of-mind were toying with the undercurring fears of Cold War America, and could be linked with the undercurring fears of communism slowly and secretly eating away the Free World. Anybody could be or become a communist. J.E. Hoover: "The threat of global communist domination is a reality"! American communists at the time were these 'fellow travelers' the title refers to.

The Xenotransplantation experiments

Dr. Strohman, a German doctor, came in the USA after World War II through Project Paperclip (a photo of him shaking hands with President Truman, "A German emigre, Dr. Strohman patriated here after the war.") -- see 3X02: Paper Clip for other participants to this program. He, along with other ex-Nazi doctors, experimented with xenotransplantation in Germany and continued his work in the USA ("It's a procedure that nazi doctors experimented with during the war, and I believe that they continued their work here"). Three employees of the State Department, Skur, Gissing and Oberman, were given surgery; officially it was for war injuries, but without them knowing it they became guinea pigs for Strohman's experiment ("Skur's not a communist. He's a patriot. All of these men are patriots. [...] There were three men, veterans, working at the State Department. Skur, Gissing and Oberman.")

Xenotransplantation consists in the "grafting of another species into the human body", quite brutally if we judge from the sutures the 'creature' was attached with on the oesophagus of the deceased Gissing.

The 'creature' that's transplanted looks like a crab, or a spider, quite possibly extraterrestrial in origin (or at least it's an unknown species). It's hungry for human flesh and pushes its host into neutralizing a human for it to feed (Skur even kills his wife this way). The 'creature' hops hosts by exiting and entering their mouths; the host is later found dead with all its soft tissue and internal organs removed. It looks as if the victim is attacked by a "corrosive agent ", one secreted by the 'creature', which accounts for the strong smell of "formaldehyde", a disinfectant and natural byproduct of the metabolism of most organisms (humans included). After the killing, the 'creature' reenters the original host's mouth, in pure horror fashion. Why conduct these experiments? Hoover says, "If we are to defeat the enemy, [...] we must do those things which even our enemies would be ashamed to do". Perhaps these experiments aimed at obtaining a soldier that could kill at will at close range by releasing this 'creature', or getting a series of these creatures that would be released against Soviet soldiers.

The 3 'guinea pigs' wanted revenge for what had been done to them. Gissing killed Dr. Strohman; Skur killed Dales' partner and tried to kill Dales, thinking they were part of the conspiracy against him.

Seeds of a conspiracy

This 'conspiracy' is deeply rooted in the State Department, since all 3 test subjects are its employees, and young William Mulder oversees the procedures. At this time, Bill Mulder, the Cigarette-Smoking Man and many other future elders of the Syndicate are employees of the State Department (3X16: Apocrypha), members of the investigative group that seeks information on the alien presence on Earth. We also come across 'real' persons: Roy Cohn and J. Edgar Hoover. Cohn was a lawyer (member of the Department of Justice) during the HUAC Senate hearings and was responsible for bringing the Rosenbergs case, the most mediatised case of the McCarthy witch-hunt, to broad daylight; he's presented here like a shadowy powerful conspirator. HUAC is the House Un-American Activities Committee (1938-1975), separate from Senator Joseph McCarthy's investigations. FBI founder and director Hoover is presented as the unscrupulous Red hunter he was.

This conspiracy of well-connected government officials can decide who gets to be accused to be a communist and who is not. Dales gets a report heavily censored "by the Committee, to protect the identity of the witness" when in fact there is no witness. When Gissing stroke back, he was arrested and a suicide was staged ("They think he killed his doctor and then killed himself?"). The 3 guinea pigs were labeled as communists and the FBI was sent to arrest them as any normal communist traitor.

Skur was arrested by Dales and fake photos were issued of his supposed suicide in his detention cell. "Label him a communist, say he killed himself and put him up someplace where no one's going to look for him. But his escape threatens everything", particularly since Dales saw him and filed a report on that.

In 1952, Bill Mulder already has seeds of discontempt over the immorality of the acts he participates in, something that will later make him rebellious amongst the Syndicate, force him to retire and finally bring his demise when he was about to tell all to his son (2X25: Anasazi). Bill Mulder: "I risked my career and my family by coming here. But the crimes these men have committed against innocent people... I can't have that on my conscience anymore. Someone needs to know the truth." Bill helps Skur escape from the hands of the govrnment, hoping that some day the truth would come out. And 38 years later, his son Fox did learn the truth. Arthur Dales is presented here as the original investigator of these X-Files -- although the name comes from FBI clerk Dorothy Bahnsen ("Plenty of room in the 'X's")! In 1X18: Shapes, Fox Mulder says that J.E. Hoover was the first one to create an X-File: "A true piece of history, Scully! The very first X-File, initiated by J. Edgar Hoover himself in 1946." And indeed, Bahnsen says "the director's office" decides which cases become X-Files.